Britain's vote to leave the European Union has led some British Jews whose families fled the Nazis to enquire about German citizenship. Fear and dismay over Brexit is causing them to invoke a German law allowing people stripped of German citizenship between 1933 and 1945 – and their descendants – to have it restored.
Germany's Foreign Ministry said that since the Brexit referendum in June, the London embassy had received about 400 inquiries about how to apply for German citizenship under article 116 of the country's post-war Basic Law, and about 100 applications. That compares with about 20 inquiries per year previously.
London rabbi Julia Neuberger has decided to seek German citizenship, laying to rest her family's painful legacy of the Nazi era. "It was Brexit that tipped me off, but now in my mid-60s I feel like I've made my peace with Germany and this step will only take me closer," said Neuberger, whose mother left Germany for Britain in 1937 to escape Nazi persecution of the Jews.

Brexit British Jews Germany
London rabbi Julia Neuberger with her grandmother's German passport at the West London SynagogueStefan Wermuth/Reuters

"My daughter asked 'why would you want to do this after all they did to us?'," said Neuberger, senior rabbi at the West London Synagogue and a member of the House of Lords. "But there is some German in me after all and it goes very deep." Neuberger intends to stay in Britain. She is one of a number of family members who have reached prominence in the nation's public life – her husband is a leading academic and her brothers-in-law include the president of the supreme court.
Neuberger, whose application is being processed, still has her maternal grandparents' old German passports. Their covers bear a black eagle with outstretched wings perched on a swastika, and the first inside pages are stamped with a big red "J" for Jew.

Brexit British Jews Germany
The front page of Julia Neuberger's grandmother's passport. Hermine Sara Rosenthal's passport is stamped with a large red JStefan Wermuth/Reuters
Brexit British Jews Germany
Hermine Sara Rosenthal's old German passportStefan Wermuth/Reuters
Brexit British Jews Germany
Stamps in Hermine Sara Rosenthal's passport indicate she was allowed to travel outside GermanyStefan Wermuth/Reuters
Brexit British Jews Germany
A British visa is seen in the old German passport of Hermine Sara Rosenthal, Julia Neuberger's grandmotherStefan Wermuth/Reuters

In a remarkable twist of history, Jews who lost family members in the Holocaust are now using such old documents to obtain modern Germany's maroon-coloured passports. Now, a German passport holds the promise of a future with full access to the EU and its practical benefits such as freedom to travel, live and work anywhere in a bloc that has 27 other nations – rights that Britons may no longer enjoy after Brexit is enacted.
The Association of Jewish Refugees (AJR) estimates that around 70,000 Jews from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia arrived in Britain before World War Two. These include 10,000 children who were shipped from Nazi territory to Britain as part of the Kindertransport mission.

Brexit British Jews Germany
24 November 1938: German Jewish refugees are trained as to work the fields at Flint Hill Farm, Hambleden, near Henley-on-ThamesGeorge W Hales/Fox Photos/Getty Images
Brexit British Jews Germany
2 December 1938: Jewish and non-Aryan German child refugees arrive in England at HarwichFred Morley/Fox Photos/Getty Images
Brexit British Jews Germany
2 December 1938: Tired and alone, eight-year-old Josepha Salmon, the first of 5,000 Jewish and non-Aryan refugees, known as the Kindertransport, arrives at Harwich from Germany, destined for Dovercourt Bay campFred Morley/Getty Images
Brexit British Jews Germany
2 December 1938: An official checks Jewish refugees' identity tags as they arrive in HarwichCentral Press/Getty Images
Brexit British Jews Germany
2 December 1938: Jewish refugees from Germany have their first meal in England at Dovercourt Bay camp in HarwichFred Morley/Fox Photos/Getty Images
Brexit British Jews Germany
24 March 1939: Four young members of the largest group of German-Jewish refugees arrive at Southampton on the US liner ManhattanFox Photos/Getty Images
Brexit British Jews Germany
24 January 1939: Austrian Jewish refugees take their first stroll in Cheetham Hill Road, Salford, near Manchester, after arriving in England to escape persecution in their home countryFox Photos/Getty Images
Brexit British Jews Germany
July 1939: Three Jewish refugee children from Germany and Austria, part of a group known as the Kindertransport, wait to be collected by their relatives or sponsors at Liverpool Street Station in London, after arriving by trainStephenson/Topical Press Agency/Getty Images
refugees britain
August 1939: Polish refugees come ashore in Britain at the outbreak of World War TwoAllan/London Express/Getty Images
refugees britain
May 1940: Refugees from Belgium arrive at a station in LondonJA Hampton/Topical Press Agency/Getty Images
Brexit British Jews Germany
The Kindertransport memorial outside Liverpool Street Station in London, dedicated to remembering the effort by the United Kingdom in taking and homing nearly 10,000 predominantly Jewish children from Germany and northern central EuropeToby Melville/Reuters

More than 17 million Britons voted on 23 June to leave the EU for a variety of reasons, including a desire to regain national control over immigration from the bloc. However, 16 million voted to remain and many are anxious about the consequences of leaving a union that was born out of a post-war determination to bring Europeans together. Authorities in Dublin also reported a rush of citizenship inquiries from Britons of Irish descent after the referendum.